The Best Editorial Wedding Photographers in Exira, IA

The Best Editorial Wedding Photographers in Exira, IA

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


27 Wedding Photographers in Exira, IA

Editorial
Anna Brace Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $6,000
  • Serves Exira, IA

Hello! I'm Anna, an Omaha Wedding Photographer who specializes in timeless photos with a classic edit. I focus on capturing moments and connect deeply with joyful, adventurous couples who care more about making memories than having perfect, smiling-at-the-camera photos. If you're looking for a wedding photographer in Omaha, Nebraska, I would love to talk with you!

Awarded Best of Zola
My recommendation for Anna Brace Photography comes very highly. Anna is very professional and her work is always of the highest quality. Working with her is always a joy! She truly is the best at what she does!
Rebecca Greve, 3 years ago
Quick responder
The Talented Photographer - Award Winning Photography. 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,995
  • Serves Exira, IA
  • Offer

Hello! We are Christian and Ana. We have put together the best wedding photo & video team in America. Don't take our word for it, see it for yourself on our website. Whether you are camera shy or not, you will get beautiful photos with us. That's why couples are raving about us: we get beautiful photos out of EVERY SINGLE WEDDING!

Awarded Best of Zola
The Talented Photographer was an absolute dream to work with for our wedding. From the very first interaction, Alec's communication style was fun, professional, and incredibly personable. He had a true passion for his craft that shone through in every interaction. The quality of Alec's work was absolutely stunning - we got a wonderful variety of candids, formal shots, and editorial-style pictures that captured all the special moments of our day. Alec has an incredible eye for the right shots, and the final photos are absolutely gorgeous. Despite a complicated location schedule that I was worried about, Alec made the whole day seamless, traveling to over 4 different spots to ensure we got all the groupings and special shots we wanted. Alec truly went above and beyond, and we had such a great time working with him. I'm obsessed with the pictures and would give him an 11/10 rating!
Michelle M., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Love Knot Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Exira, IA

Hi, I’m Isaac. In my world, light is everything. The cool ambient hues at dawn, hinting at what the day may bring. Golden sun rays catching particles through a tree as friends gathers to celebrate. A Cotton candy sunset peppered by patio string-lights as a DJ plays my favorite song. We all have timeless memories logged in our minds. For me, they are based in a language of light. As a wedding photographer, this deep connection to special lighting helps me produce dynamic visual stories of romance, personality and beauty.

Awarded Best of Zola
A few things that stood out the most about Isaac were how responsive he was, how he was able to accommodate to our budget, and how he took pictures from angles and views that turned out great on the photos. As a couple with demanding careers, I much appreciated how quickly Isaac was with replying to emails. We had a pretty tight budget, and Isaac was able to offer us a package that landed pretty close to our budget and only had the items that we needed the most (mini engagement photoshoot for the website and wedding day). Our ask for him was to get some candid shots as we feel pretty awkward in front of the camera. I personally think that the wedding day pictures came out more naturally because of the setting being surrounded with friends and families, and Isaac and Sushen did a great job capturing the candid moments beautifully. Isaac even had an idea for me to pose by climbing up a wooden stair ladder for a shot that I honestly wasn't sure how it was going to turn out while doing it, but it ended up turning out beautiful and magazine-like in addition to other ones that he asked us to pose for. Isaac put together a behind the scenes video that also showed the reactions of guests to our photo place cards before we had entered the reception area, and this was lovely in that we got to see our guests' reactions that we weren't able to see.
Rafy, 6 months ago
Quick responder
Anderson Marques Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,990
  • Serves Exira, IA

Over 500 award-winning photos and 15 trophies, establishing a strong reputation for an artistic and refined approach to wedding photography. Every frame is crafted to capture the essence of a couple’s love story, transforming their most meaningful moments into timeless works of art. With a signature style that blends creativity and elegance, the team masterfully composes each shot with exceptional attention to detail—showcasing everything from the intricate lace of the dress to the genuine joy in shared glances. Their expert use of light and shadow brings depth and emotion, creating an immersive visual experience that resonates deeply.

Awarded Best of Zola
Anderson Marques is one of the best professionals my wife and I have had the pleasure of working with. He’s incredibly kind, welcoming, and guided us through every step of our wedding journey. His empathy, creativity, and attention to detail truly stood out. After meeting with several photographers, we were instantly impressed by the quality of Anderson’s work. He has a remarkable ability to capture unique and beautiful moments, ensuring they’ll be cherished forever. When we renew our vows, Anderson will be the first person we call—no question about it.
Everson A., 10 months ago
Quick responder
505 Media Company 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Exira, IA
  • Offer

Hello! We are a husband and wife company. We have covered over 1000 weddings in less than 5 years all across the USA, Canada, and Mexico. We love to travel so much that we keep our prices affordable- giving us the opportunity to cover all over the USA (no travel fees). Our most popular package is our Red Carpet which gives our clients up to 10 hours of photo and video coverage, 505+ edits, and 2 wedding videos (with the whole ceremony). Check out our FB or Youtube for HUNDREDS of weddings we shot in the past.

Awarded Best of Zola
My husband and I hired 505 Media for photography and videography services for our wedding in August 2024. Our photos were absolutely gorgeous and we loved our wedding video. The services are very affordable and they provided up to 10 hours of coverage at our wedding. 505 Media, thank you for providing my husband and I with a life time of memories. We will cherish our photos and wedding video for a lifetime.
Christina C., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Lena Turner Photos LLC 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Exira, IA

Hi, I’m Lena – Your Wedding Photography Bestie! I’m so glad you’re here! Capturing love stories has been my passion for 8 years, and I travel across Missouri to document weddings and engagements filled with joy and romance. Your wedding day is more than just an event – it’s the start of your forever, and I’m here to make sure every moment, big or small, is beautifully captured. As someone happily married myself, I know how special this time is. My goal is to make you feel confident and comfortable, creating photos that are authentically you – timeless, romantic, and full of heart. Let’s connect and make magic together! 💕

Mario and I were beyond words with how amazing our photos from the wedding turned out! Lena is such a personable individual, and right from our engagement photos, I knew that I had chosen the perfect wedding photographer. I felt so comfortable when she was taking our pictures, she talked us through all the perfect poses and I am so grateful to have those photos forever on my walls at home. She captured the perfect moments and I would recommend her to anyone looking for a fantastic photographer!
Loraina, 6 months ago
Quick responder
Captured By KP 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Exira, IA
  • Offer

My passion for wedding photography stems from my love of storytelling. Weddings are filled with moments of joy, laughter, and love, and I believe in honoring every genuine connection and fleeting glance that happens throughout the day. Every couple has a unique story, and my goal is to help you relive yours for years to come through images that evoke the same emotions you felt on your wedding day. Being in Business for 6years with over 120 Wedding shot across the country.

We started with an engagement shoot to get to know him, which I highly recommend. Throughout the process he was a great communicator, and always helped with any questions. When it came to the wedding day he was super organized, and stayed on our timeline which was great. Most importantly, the pictures are beautiful!! 10/10
Kalia & C., 4 months ago
Shawnee Custalow Studios 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $4,700
  • Serves Exira, IA

We are passionate about photographing kind-hearted people who are unapologetically themselves, and creating a safe and beautiful space in the wedding world for LGBTQ+ folx. Our favorite people to work with believe in giving back to their communities, that black lives always matter, that climate change is you know...real, and choose to embrace their own unique quirks and talents.

Awarded Best of Zola
When you elope in the middle of a pandemic, it matters all the more that you love your photographer--since they'll be the only other person at your wedding. :) And in short, we couldn't be happier that ours was Shawnee. She has such a gift and a love for the work she does—and it shows. We knew she was the right person from the moment we met on Zoom--she is warm and kind, asked all the right questions, and instantly put us at ease. My partner and I eloped at the end of October 2020 in DC, just before the election. It was a whirlwind moment for so many reasons, especially as a queer couple. And it mattered to us that the person who captured those treasured memories, really understood what that moment meant to us. Everyone who sees our photos marvels at how wonderful they are—and no doubt we look great, but Shawnee’s warmth and direction and stellar eye really made all the difference. Vibing with your photographer matters—we’re so grateful to have found one with such grace and as much love for her art as Shawnee. <3
Adiel & R., 4 years ago
Quick responder
The Golden Hour Co. 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,995
  • Serves Exira, IA
  • Offer

At The Golden Hour Co., we specialize in wedding photography that embraces the warmth and romance of life's most cherished moments. Our approach is rooted in authenticity, ensuring that every laugh, tear, and tender glance is preserved with genuine emotion. We believe in creating a relaxed environment where you can be yourselves, allowing us to document your day as it naturally unfolds.

Our photographer was absolutely amazing at our wedding—attentive, thoughtful, and with a great eye for capturing the perfect moments. They even reminded us to take a break and eat during photos, which we truly appreciated. Communication was smooth both before and on the big day, and everything felt effortless. We’d absolutely recommend them for any event you’re planning!
Sylvie C., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Just Captured 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,995
  • Serves Exira, IA
  • Offer

Just Captured is a wedding photography company dedicated to preserving love stories with authenticity and artistry. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, we capture every emotion, from the joyful laughter to the quiet, intimate moments. Our natural and timeless style ensures your wedding photos feel as magical as the day itself. Let Just Captured transform your special moments into lasting memories.

Our wedding photos are absolutely breathtaking! The team captured every emotion so naturally, from joyful tears to candid laughter, making each image feel alive. Looking through them feels like reliving the best day of our lives—truly unforgettable!
Summer N., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Diana Marie Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees
  • Offer

Hey there! Since you are trusting me to capture these special moments in your life, I figured you should probably know a bit about me, right? I am a Huntsville, Alabama native, but moved to Nashville after graduating from the University of Alabama in 2013. ROLL TIDE! Although I consider Nashville home, I am anything but a homebody. I love traveling and exploring new places (especially the food at those places!). I even studied abroad in Italy, which let me tell you, was a food lover's dream. I have always felt like an old soul trapped in a millennial’s body. I would rather listen to Frank Sinatra than anything on the radio today.

Awarded Best of Zola
Diana Marie Photography was an absolute joy to work with for our wedding day. From the very beginning, Diana's communication style was open, professional, and timely - she was always checking in to make sure our day was going as we had imagined. The quality of her work is truly exceptional, with a clean, timeless, and emotional style that captured all the special moments beautifully. Diana knows the importance behind wedding photos - they aren't just a social media dump, but rather the memories we'll cherish for years to come. She reminded us to take in the little things, and that thoughtfulness really shines through in the final product. We couldn't recommend Diana Marie Photography enough for any couple looking for a talented, dedicated photographer to document their big day.
Bridget, 7 months ago
Quick responder
Golden Hour Images 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Since 2013, I’ve been capturing love stories in a way that’s timeless, authentic, and uniquely yours. Whether it’s a quiet elopement or a big celebration, my approach blends classic elegance with photojournalistic storytelling. More than photography, it's about building trust and celebrating love in all its beautiful forms—honoring every culture, story, and connection.

Awarded Best of Zola
On the day of the wedding and through the prep leading up to the big day, her fun and friendly personality shone through. She was organized, calm, and seamlessly blended into the background while still guiding us through various moments. The quality of her work is truly outstanding; every photo is beautifully composed and tells a story. She has an incredible eye for detail, capturing not just the big moments but also the little, candid interactions that made our day unique. We are absolutely thrilled with the final images and grateful for the memories she helped preserve. If you're looking for a photographer who is not only skilled but genuinely cares about her clients, Sam at Golden Hour Images is the perfect choice.
Alana D., 8 months ago
Quick responder
Svyat Bogdanov 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Named one of Zola’s Best Wedding Photographers of 2024 and a proud Zola Brand Ambassador, Svyat Bogdanov is recognized as a trusted expert in the wedding industry. Based in Chicago and originally from Crimea, he has photographed over 600 weddings across the U.S. and abroad. His style blends candid emotion with timeless elegance, creating personalized galleries filled with heartfelt moments and genuine connection.

Awarded Best of Zola
Bogdanov Photography was an absolute delight to work with for our wedding day. From the moment we first connected, Svat was outgoing, reachable, and prompt in his communication, putting us at ease throughout the entire planning process. He gave us a comprehensive checklist and many tips for the makeup trial, rain preparation, and building our shot list. His detail-oriented, gorgeous photography captured all the special moments of our day in a truly high-quality and affordable way. He was flexible and generous with his time and saved us quite a bit of money finding the perfect package to suit our exact needs. Svat went above and beyond, even gifting us beautiful Polaroid photos just before we left for the evening. We were crunched for time before the ceremony, but he was still able to capture so many meaningful moments that surprised us and beautiful accessory layouts. We couldn't be happier with our forever photos - Svat went above and beyond and we highly recommend his work to any couple looking for an amazing wedding photographer.
David K., 9 months ago
GemHidden gem
Luna + Lion Photo Co 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $6,000
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Romantic. Real. Nostalgic. A true narration of your wedding memories, immortalizing the most important part of your love story. Storytelling photography and home move style wedding videos on digital and film.

Awarded Best of Zola
From the moment we first connected with Luna Lion Photo Co, we knew we had found our dream wedding photographers. Kayti and her team were so incredibly available and quick to respond throughout the entire planning process, putting our minds at ease. On the day of the wedding, their professionalism and talent shone through - the photos they captured were absolute perfection, dreamy, magical, and breathtaking. Kayti and Lana made everyone feel super comfortable and at ease, resulting in natural, pure photos that truly captured the joy and love of our special day. Kayti even stayed longer than contracted to make sure she didn't miss a single shot or opportunity. I can truly call Kayti one of my friends after this wedding experience, and I would recommend Luna Lion Photo Co to any couple looking for jaw-dropping wedding photography.
Julianna C., 9 months ago
Quick responder
Lucia Giuseppina Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $5,500
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

My style is rooted in an editorial approach, allowing me to narrate your unique love story through timeless images that highlight genuine emotions. As your photographer, I bring a heartfelt and genuine perspective, ensuring that your wedding day is portrayed in a way that truly reflects you and preserves the memories you'll cherish forever.

Awarded Best of Zola
We are so happy we chose Lucia to capture our elopement. Lucia is professional, fast to respond to emails and texts, helpful with decisions, accommodating to any requests, concerns, and excited to give advice. Duncan and I really wanted our photographer to capture our true emotion and to get candids of us, and Lucia DID THAT! The day felt blissful and a key point for us was that we got to enjoy the day without it feeling solely like a photoshoot which I think speaks to Lucias talent and confidence in her craft. She was good at giving guiding advice for posing without us feeling posed. I put together a Pinterest board and shot list which she really did a great job pulling inspiration from. The photos are stunning and the exact style we envisioned. Also, our sneak peak was huge and she got them to us very fast. If you are torn between photographers or are just starting your research, you're in very safe hands to stop here. We hope to continue reaching out to Lucia in the future when we start a family.
Kirin P., 8 months ago
Quick responder
AVisuals 

4.6

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,650
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Akiem has built a young and successful career as a content creator in the professional sports industry. He has worked with respectable brands including, USA Hockey, USA Soccer, NFL Flag, RISE and more. However, during 2020 COVID put a stop on sports, and that allowed him to discover a new passion- an undeniable love for wedding photography and videography “I want my clients to experience my love for creativity and storytelling through serving them on the most important day of their lives.”

Awarded Best of Zola
He took my Vision and brought it to life. He’s a great editor and will make you feel like a model!!!
Harmisha B., a year ago
Quick responder
Wayward Wanderess Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,850
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Hi! My name is Jacqueline and I've been in the photography industry for almost a decade. I believe that when I pick up my camera, I am there to tell a story. On your wedding day, I am there to document a new chapter of your love story. I capture all the intimate moments of your day, and then some!

Awarded Best of Zola
Jacqueline was truly amazing to work with! I absolutely LOVE her photos and she made us feel so comfortable on our wedding day, even for posed photos where it may not feel natural. I have so many beautiful memories to look back on. I cannot recommend her enough and wish I could give her more than 5 stars!
Ginny, 7 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Lights And Sound Media Weddings 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $900
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

We’re Lights and Sound Media Weddings—your one-stop dream team for unforgettable, high-energy wedding experiences. We’re not just here to document your big day—we’re here to elevate it. From cinematic videography to swoon-worthy photography, epic DJ sets, seamless coordination, timeline planning, and even custom social media content, we do it all with flair, flexibility, and heart. Every package is handcrafted around your style, your story, and your budget—because no two love stories should look the same. We’re obsessed with getting every detail right and making you feel celebrated, not stressed.

Working with Brandon, Kirsten and their team was incredible! We had the best experience with them. They are detailed, organized, and fun to work with. They helped our day run smoothly and captured amazing content! I’m so thankful for them and our pictures and video are everything I could’ve hoped for. I would 1000% recommend them. One of my best vendors from my wedding. Truly phenomenal!
Anna Z., a month ago
Quick responder
RayNae Motion Pictures 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Raynae Motion Pictures is a premier wedding videography and photography company based on the East Coast. We specialize in capturing timeless love stories with cinematic storytelling and stunning visuals. Our passion is to create heartfelt, authentic, and beautifully crafted wedding films and photos that couples will cherish forever. With competitive pricing and a commitment to excellence, we ensure that every moment of your special day is preserved with artistry and emotion. Let us turn your wedding memories into a masterpiece.

From the moment we first spoke with RayNae Motion Picture, we knew we had found the perfect photographers for our wedding day. Their communication style was patient, attentive and professional, putting us at ease throughout the entire process. The quality of their work was truly stunning, with a classy and cinematic style that captured the day in a way that feels both timeless and unique. Moubarak has an incredible eye for detail and a unique ability to capture the most special, candid moments. Every photo tells a story, and looking through our wedding album feels like reliving the day all over again. The lighting, composition, and emotions in each shot are simply breathtaking. We are so grateful to RayNae Motion Picture for their incredible service and for helping to make our wedding day so special.
Rachel S., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Noire Studios 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,625
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Welcome! I am a Kansas City Lifestyle, Portrait, and Wedding Photographer. Growing up I always had an eye for anything artistic and loved being able to share my vision of the world. I was first introduced to photography in my senior year of high school and immediately knew that is what I wanted my career to be. I continued the venture through college and graduated from UMKC with a degree in photography. A little about Noire Studios: Where does the name Noire Studios come from? I mixed my first name and last name (maiden) together - NO (from Noelle) and IRE (from Ireland). Creating a business from a few things that capture ME!

Awarded Best of Zola
Noire Studios was the best vendor on my wedding day! Noelle and her team made me feel at ease the moment they walked in. The day went beautifully and the images are stunning! We could not have asked for a better photographer!
Courtney H., 4 years ago
Quick responder
Sevi Kontokanis Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $4,400
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Hi, I'm Sevi! I'm a Cleveland-based wedding, elopement, and boudoir photographer documenting honest, artful love stories across Ohio and beyond. I'm drawn to deep connections, golden light, and the little in-between moments that make your day uniquely yours. Whether you're planning a big celebration or an intimate adventure, I'm here to guide you, hype you up, and capture every moment with care and intention.

Awarded Best of Zola
My husband and I had a specific vision for our photos, and Sevi absolutely delivered. Her style is moody and vintage, and her attention to detail is amazing. From the beginning, Sevi was communicative and helpful. She provided a guide for wedding planning, photographed our engagement shoot beautifully, and even introduced us to her husband, Jeff, who officiated our wedding. The day of, she arrived with a second photographer and captured all the moments you want, to include candid ones we didn’t even think of. She provided a sneak peek in a few weeks, and the rest of the 800 photos in approximately 3 months. The wait was worth it as she went through each photo of the thousands she took and provided an album that perfectly curated our day. I couldn’t recommend Sevi more. Thanks, Sevi!
Megan R., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Hollenbeck's Photography 

4.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $3,200
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees
  • Offer

I am a wedding and elopement photographer located in Wyoming county, NY. I love to take photos of weddings and elopements. Some say I have a true passion for what I do. I have learned a lot since I started and each wedding or session I am always striving to learn more. As a business owner I am fully insured and strive to be professional at everything I do. It's my goal to be able to do this full time someday! I love being able to capture someone's day it brings me happiness. I'm a pretty laid back go with the flow type of person. I do my absolute best to provide you with photos you'll remember forever.

I couldn’t have asked for a better photographer. Tabatha was more than willing to help with any wedding issues I had. She captured so many amazing photos. I’m so thankful we chose her for our big day. Because of her, our wedding was captured in beautiful photos to be reminded of our gorgeous day.
Kimbery & T., 3 years ago
GemHidden gem
Brianna Rose Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,850
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

My passion is capturing the unique love stories of couples who are wildly in love and unafraid to be themselves. I love working with couples who find ways to incorporate their personalities into their wedding. Imaginative couples who are silly, free-spirited, kind, and playful. I aim for the dreamy, romantic, fairytale feeling from start to finish.

Awarded Best of Zola
Highly Recommend, has attention to every detail. Easy to get along with and makes you feel so comfortable.
Wicked Pony Ranch, 3 years ago
Quick responder
Alejo Photo + Film | Photography 
  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,400
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees
  • Offer

Alejo Photo + Film is a husband and wife photo and video duo. We love love and adventure, and we especially love combining the two! We are trilingual (English, Spanish, Japanese) and experienced travelers. We offer digital photo and video, drone footage, 35mm film photos, and super 8mm film videos.

Quick responder
Korto Photography 
  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $2,075
  • Serves Exira, IA for additional fees

Hi, all. I've been a professional photographer for well over a decade. I have a background in fashion/art photography and have a love for love. If you hire me I will try my very best to capture YOU in your images.

Rare Love Film 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Serves Exira, IA

I'M LEXI - TRUE TONE CINEMATIC STORYTELLR BASED IN N. ILLINOIS. E I love that you've found me - Welcome! As a photographer, I have a passion for capturing the rare love shared by couples on their wedding day. Being a mom and wife wanting to capture my own weddings forever moments I feel like that has given me a deep appreciation for creating timeless images that tell your unique love story. With my keen attention to detail and storytelling skills, I am committed to creating stunning photographs that will be treasured for a lifetime. Let's work together to capture your special day.

Rare Love Film was the way to go for us! I’ve always been insecure in how I look in photos but when we got our engagement pictures, I finally felt confident again! I was encouraged to take off the jacket I wore to cover my arms and told that every part of me was beautiful. I was nervous but when the photos came back, I was in love!! They turned out better than I could have imagined and instead of being insecure looking at them, they turned out to be photos that we will look back at for the rest of our lives! The way I was encouraged and supported made me know that it was the perfect choice! They are amazing to work with through the whole experience!
Danielle M., a year ago

Location flexible? Discover photographers near Exira, IA

Get inspired by real weddings in Exira, IA

View all real weddings in Exira, IA

About wedding photographers in Exira, IA

What types of photographers are in Exira, IA?

What other Exira vendors will I need?

What other photographers are nearby?

What other wedding services are nearby?